More than 300 natural and synthetic emeralds from various sources were examined with confocal Raman spectroscopy. This method identifies different water types in the beryl channel sites, making it possible to determine whether an emerald is natural or synthetic. In addition, this approach can provide information regarding geographic origin or synthesis technique (flux or hydrothermal). © 2010 Gemological Institute of America.

Huong L.T.-T., Hager T., Hofmeister W.

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